Effect of flock age, egg size, and incubator type on embryo development and hatchability in the Indian River Broiler breeders in South Africa
Embryo development in Indian River Broiler breeder
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62310/liab.v5i2.263Keywords:
Broiler breeder, Egg size, Embryo mortality, Flock age, Hatchability, IncubationAbstract
This study investigated the effects of flock age, egg size, and incubator type on embryo development and hatchability traits in the Indian River broiler breed in South Africa. A total of 4752 hatchable eggs from the breeder flocks at 25, 40, and 55 weeks of age were incubated in Linco and Buckeye incubators. Before incubation, eggs were graded into small (49 g), medium (50-59 g), and large (60-69 g) size groups. The general linear model procedure in Minitab 17 was used to analyse data and the means were separated using Fisher’s LSD test (p<0.05). The breeder flocks at 40 weeks of age had higher (p<0.05) hatchability of total eggs set (91.06%), hatchability of fertile eggs set (92.52%), and first-grade chicks (90.93%) followed by 55 week flocks (72.69, 77.37, and 71.18%, respectively) and 25 week flocks (56.39, 64.07, and 55.61%, respectively). The higher proportion (p<0.05) of cull chicks was observed in flocks at 25 (0.78%) and 55 weeks of age (1.52%) compared to 40 weeks of age (0.13%). Flocks at 55 weeks yielded heavier (p<0.05) chicks (44.14g) at hatching. The highest (p<0.05) fertility (98.52%) and lowest total embryo mortality (7.41%) were observed in flocks with 40 weeks of age. Small-sized eggs had the highest (p<0.05) fertility (94.21%) compared to medium-sized eggs (92.80%). Large-sized eggs hatched heavier (p<0.05) chicks (44.21g) compared to medium (39.69g) and small-sized (33.86g) eggs, whereas the other hatchability traits were similar (p>0.05). Incubator type had no significant effect on the incubation and hatchability traits. In conclusion, flock age and egg size were the main determinants of Indian River broiler breed incubation and hatchability traits and should be considered when incubating eggs.
Metrics
References
Abera D, Abebe A, Begna F, Tarekegen A, Alwei M. (2017). Growth performance, feasibility and carcass characteristics of Cobb 500 commercial broiler under small-scale production in Western Ethiopia. Asian Journal of Poultry Science 11(1): 49-56. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2017.49.56
Abudabos AM, Aljumaah RS, Algawaan AS, Al-Sornokh H, Ai-Atiyat RM. (2017). Effects of hen age and egg weigh class on hatchability of free range chicken eggs. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 19(1): 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0264
Adewumu AA, Ayodele IA, Lameed GA. (2008). The effect of incubator type on hatchability and chick survival of Emu Dromaius Novae Hollandiae (Le Souef 1907). Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management 12(2): 13-15. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v12i2.55515
Agbehadzi RK, Meteyake HT, Adjei-Mensah B, Sasu P, Koranteng AA, Dassidi N, Hamidu JA, Tona K. (2024). Effect of layer breeder age and reduced incubator oxygen concentrations on embryo development, hatching events, chick quality, embryonic mortality and hatchability of fertile eggs. Heliyon 10(22): e40468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40468
Agyekum G, Okai MA, Tona JK, Donkoh A, Hamidu JA. (2022). Impact of incubation temperature profile on chick quality, bone, and immune system during the late period of incubation of Cobb 500 broiler strain. Poultry Science 101(9): 101999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101999
Alabi OJ, Ng’ambi JW, Norris D. (2012). Effect of egg weight on physical egg parameters and hatchability of indigenous Venda chickens. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7(2): 166-172. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2012.166.172
Alkubaisy SA, Majid AA, Abdulateef SM, Al-Bazy FA, Attallah AK, Abdualmajeed OM, Mohammed TT, Abdulatee FM, Mahmud KI. (2021). Effect of in-ovo injection of biotin on chick’s embryonic development and physiological traits. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 761: 012111. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/761/1/012111
Alsobayel AA, Albadry MA. (2012). Effect of age and sex ratio on fertility and hatchability of Baladi and Leghorn laying hens. Journal of Animal and Plant Science 22(1): 15-19.
Araujo ICS, Leandro NSM, Mesquita MA, Cafe MB, Mello HHC, Gonzales E. (2016). Effect of incubator type and broiler breeder age on hatchability and chick quality. Brazil Journal of Poultry Science 18(2): 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0146
Araujo ICS, Leandro NSM, Mesquita MA, Cafe MB, Mello HHC, Gonzales E. (2017). Water vapor conductance: a technique using eggshell fragments and relations with other parameters of eggshell. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 46(12): 896-902. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902017001200004
Attia YA, Rahman MT, Hossain MJ, Basiouni S, Khafaga AF, Shehata AA, Hafez HM. (2022). Poultry production and sustainability in developing countries under the COVID-19 crisis: lessons learned. Animals 12(5): 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050644
Avşar KO, Uçar A, Özlü S, Elibol O. (2022). Effect of high eggshell temperature during the early period of incubation on hatchability, hatch time, residual yolk, and first-week broiler performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 31(1): 100197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2021.100197
Bassareh M, Razaeipour V. (2021). Effect of egg size and different levels of humidity during incubation period on the embryonic development, hatching percentage and chicks yield of broiler breeder. Austin Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry 8(1): 1074.
Wlazlak S, Pietrzak E, Biesek J, Dunislawska A. (2023). Modulation of the immune system of chickens a key factor in maintaining poultry production-a review. Poultry Science 102(8): 102785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102785
Bilalissi A, Meteyake H. T, Kouame Y. A. E, Oke O. E, Lin H, Onagbesan O, Decuypere E, Tona K. (2022). Effects of pre-incubation storage duration and nonventilation incubation procedure on embryonic physiology and post-hatch chick performance. Poultry Science 101(5): 101810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101810
Boonkum W, Chankitisakul V, Kananit S, Kenchaiwong W. (2024). Heat stress effects on the genetics of growth traits in Thai native chickens (Pradu Hang dum). Animal Bioscience 37(1): 16–27. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0165
Cam M, Samli MS, Kaya ZK, Harman H, Bilir A, Kirikci K. (2024). Effect of hen age on egg quality, hatching performance and chick quality in chukar partridge (Alectoris chuckar). Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 40(1): 34-40. https://doi.org/10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.2024.423
Castro FLS, Chai L, Arango J, Owens CM, Smith PA, Reichelt S, Dubois C, Menconi A. (2023). Poultry industry paradigms: Connecting the dots. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 32(1): 100310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2022.100310
Cheng X, Ning Z. (2023). Research progress on bird eggshell quality defects: a review. Poultry Science 102(1): 102283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102283
Connolly G, Clark CM, Campbell RE, Byers AW, Reed JB, Campbell WW. (2022). Poultry Consumption and Human Health: How Much Is Really Known? A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective. Advances in Nutrition 13(6): 2115–2124. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmac074
Cormic J. (2019). Factors affecting weight loss of eggs during incubation. International Hatchery Practice 35(6): 16-17. https://www.positiveaction.info/files/pdfs/articles/hp35_6p16.pdf
Damaziak K, Koznaka-Lipka M, Gozdowski D, Gołębiowska A, Kędziorek E. (2021). Effects of broiler breeder strain, age, and eggs preheating profile in single-stage systems on the hatchability of eggs and quality of chicks. Animal 15(1): 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2020.100057
Dassi N, Kowonou KAR, Dzibodi MA, Onabesan O, Kokou T, Lin H. (2022). Effects of egg weight and breeder age on egg quality, hatching parameters, and post-hatch performance of Cherry Valley broiler ducks. European Poultry Science 86: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2022.365
Duman M, Sekeroglu A. (2017). Effect of egg weights on hatching results, broiler performance and some stress parameters. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 19(2): 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0372
Durmuş M, Kurşun K, Baylan M, Kutlu HR. (2021). The effect of flock age on hatching results and chick quality in ross 308 broiler. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 9(2): 362-367. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i2.362-367.4005
El-Sabry MI, Yalcin S, Turgay-Izzetoglu G. (2013). Interaction between breeder age and hatching time effects intestine development and broiler performance. Livestock Science 157: 12-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.07.012
El-Shhat A, Tag El-Din T, Elmetwally S. (2017). Effect of Incubator System and Strain on Productive Performance of Broilers. Journal of Animal and Poultry Production 8(8): 277-283. https://doi.org/10.21608/jappmu.2017.45982
Feddern V, De Prá MC, Mores R, Nicoloso, RS, Coldebella A, Abreu PG. (2017). Egg quality assessment at different storage conditions, seasons and laying hen strains. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41: 322-333. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017413002317
Fikremariam F, Tilahun A. (2016). Fertility and hatchability in Fayoumi and Dominant breeds of chicken in Debere Zeit Agricultural Research Centre, Ethiopia. Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 4(5): 241-246.
Franzo G, Legnardi M, Faustini G, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M. (2023). When Everything Becomes Bigger: Big Data for Big Poultry Production. Animals 13(11): 1804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111804
Galiè A, Teufel N, Girard AW, Baltenweck I, Domínguez-Salas P, Price MJ, Jones R, Lukuyu B, Korir L, Raskind IG, Smith K, Yount KM. (2019). Women’s empowerment, food security and nutrition of pastoral communities in Tanzania. Global Food Security 23: 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.04.005
Givisiel PEN, Moreira Filho ALB, Santos MRB, Oliveira HB, Ferket PR, Oliveira CJB, Malheiros RD. (2020). Chicken embryo development: metabolic and morphological basis for in ovo feeding technology. Poultry Science 99(1): 6774-6782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.074
Gualhanone A, Furlan RL, Fernandez-Alarcon MF, Macari M. (2012). Effect of breeder age on eggshell thickness, surface temperature, hatchability and chick weigh. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 14(1): 09-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-635X2012000100002
Hamidu JA, Fasenko GM, Feddes JJR, O'Dea EE, Ouellette CA, Wineland MJ, Christensen VL. (2007). The effect of broiler breeder genetic strain and parent flock age on eggshell conductance and embryonic metabolism. Poultry Science 86(11): 2420-2432. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00265
Hamidu JA, Torres CA, Johnson-Dahl ML, Korver DR. (2018). Physiological response of broiler embryos to different incubator temperature profiles and maternal flock age during incubation. 1. Embryonic metabolism and day-old chick quality. Poultry Science 97(8): 2934–2946. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey089
Idowu PA, Zishiri O, Nephawe KA, Mtileni B. (2021). Current status and intervention of South Africa chicken production – A review. World’s Poultry Science Journal 77(1): 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2020.1866965
Indian River Broiler Management Handbook. (2025). An Aviagen brand. https://aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/LIR_Broiler/Aviagen-IR-Broiler-Handbook-EN.pdf
Ipek A, Sozcu A. (2013). Broiler chick quality and scoring methods. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University 2: 131-137. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/154201
Ipek A, Sozcu A. (2015). The effect of broiler breeder age on intestinal development during hatch window, chick quality and first week broiler performance. Journal of Applied Animal Research 43(4): 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2014.978784
Iqbal J, Khan SH, Mukhtar N, Ahmed T, Pasha RA. (2016). Effects of egg size and age on hatching performance and chick quality of broiler breeder. Journal of Applied Animal Research 44(1): 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2014.987294
Jabbar A, Ditta YA. (2017). Effect of broiler breeders age on hatchability, water loss, chick yield and dead in shell. World’s Veterinary Journal 7(2): 40-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.20170493
Jabbar A, and Yousaf A (2017). Effect of age wise incubation programme on broiler breeder hatchability and post hatch performance. Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research 7(1): 13-17.
Kalaba ZM, Ismail FSA, Kassem MF. (2023). Physiological differences, physical characteristics, and some plasma parameters on chicks hatched from multi stage incubator system versus single stage incubator system. Journal of Animal and Poultry Production 14(10): 119-124. https://doi.org/10.21608/jappmu.2023.236889.1093
Koppenol A, Delezie E, Wang Y, Franssens L, Willwms E, Ampe B, Buyse J, Everasert N. (2015). Effect of maternal dietary EPA and DHA supplementation and breeder age on embryonic and post-hatch performance of broiler offspring: Age and n-3 pufa affect embryonic and post-hatch performance. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 99: 36-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12308
Kumar J, Jamwal K, Bhardwaj N, Sankhyan V, Dinesh K, Katoch S. (2024). Effects of egg size on hatchability parameters and chick quality in native chicken. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 59(2): 206-216. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijps.v59i2.165173
Kruenti F, Lamptey VK, Okai MA, Adu-Aboagye G, Oduro-Owuso AD, Bebanaayele F, Suurbessig B. (2022). The influence of flock age and egg size on egg shape index, hatchability and growth of Japanese quail chicks. Journal of Innovative Agriculture 9(1): 8-16. https://doi.org/10.37446/jinagri/rsa/9.1.2022.8-16
Lourens A, Molenaar R, van den Brand H, Heetkamp M J, Meijerhof R, Kemp B. (2006). Effect of egg size on heat production and the transition of energy from egg to hatchling. Poultry Science 85(4): 770–776. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.4.770
Maatjens CM, Van Roovdert-Rrijrink IA, Van Der Anker I, Engel B, Van Der Pol CW, Kemp B, Van Den Brand H. (2016). Temperature during the last week of incubation ||. Effects on first week broiler development and performance. Poultry Science 95(9): 2136-2144. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew145
Machado JP, Mesquita MA, Cafe MB, Assis SD, Verissimio S, Santos RR, Leandro NSM, Araujo ICS. (2020). Effects of breeder age on embryonic development, hatching results, chick quality, and growing performance of the slow-growing genotype. Poultry Science 99: 6697-6704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.008
Masia KS, Nephawe KA, Mtileni B, Modiba MC, Ncube KT, Ngcobo JN, Janse Van Rensburg W, Mpofu TJ. (2024). Effect of high incubation temperature on embryo livability, mortality, hatchability, and chick quality in commercial layers. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Science 19(24): 393-403. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2024.393.403
Mesquita MA, Araújo ICS, Café MB, Arnhold E, Mascarenhas AG, Carvalho FB, Stringhini JH, Leandro NSM, Gonzales E. (2021). Results of hatching and rearing broiler chickens in different incubation systems. Poultry Science 100(1): 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.028
Mendes AS, Paixão SJ, Restelatto R, Marostega J, Morello GM. (2012). Performance and preference of broiler chickens under different light sources. 2012 IX International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES IX), 08-12 July, Valencia, Spain. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.41591
MiniTab 17 Statistical Software (2017). State College, PA: Minitab, Inc. www.minitab.com
Mitrovic S, Dimitrijevic MR, Peric L, Stanisic G, Pandurevic T. (2017). Influence of the Cobb 500 hybrid parent age and egg storage period on incubation parameters. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 33(4): 409-423. https://doi.org/10.2298/BAH1704409M
Molapo S, Motselisi M. (2020). The effect of egg size (weight) on the egg shell thickness, egg yolk and hatchability in Koekoe chickens. Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research 10(6): 278-281. https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2020.37
Mottet A, Tempio G. (2017). Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. World’s Poultry Science Journal 73(2): 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917000071
Mphepya LC, van Rensburg WJ, Mpofu TJ, Mtileni BJ, Nephawe KA. (2019). Influence of male-male competition on reproductive performance and mortality of broiler breeders following intra-spiking. Poultry Science 98(10): 4549–4554. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez273
Muhammed SM, Yakubu A, Dogara MU, Abdullahi HR, Ubangari MA. (2023). Effect of egg weight and storage time on hatch weight of Fulani ecotype chicken eggs under artificial incubation. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science 25(3): 83-89.
Muhammedjuhar AA, Negassi A. (2023). Review on egg handling and management of incubation and hatchery environment. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 16(4): 474-484. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2023.474.484
Nasri H, van den Brand H, Najjar T, Bouzouaia M. (2020). Egg storage and breeder age impact on egg quality and embryo development. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 104: 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13240
Nangsuay A, Meijerhof R, Van Der Anker I, Peetkam MJW, Morita, VDS, Kemp B. (2016). Effect of breeder age, broiler strain, and eggshell on development and physiological status of embryos and hatchlings. Poultry Science 95: 1666-1679. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew080
Ng'ambi JW, Thamaga MW, Norris D, Mabelebele M, Alabi OJ. (2013). Effects of egg weight on hatchability, chick-hatch weight and subsequent productivity of indigenous Venda chickens in Polokwane, South Africa. South African Journal of Animal Science 43(5): 69. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v43i5.13
Nowak B, Pawlina E, Ilska K, Mucha A, Kruszynski W. (2019). Breeder line and age affects the occurrence of developmental defects, the number of culled one-day old broiler chick and their body mass. Veterinarni Medicina 64(07): 323-333. https://doi.org/10.17221/137/2018-VETMED
Ogbu OC, Oguike MA. (2019). Hatchability of fertile eggs in poultry industry. Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability 12(1): 107-123.
Onasanya G, Ikeobi C. (2013). Egg physical traits, performance, fertility and hatchability in exotic and Nigerian indigenous chickens. Standard Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1(1): 1-8.
Rahardja DP, Hakim MR, Empra T, Savitri RD. (2020). Effects of weight and storage duration of hatching eggs of Indonesial Local Chicken on several measures of internal quality and hatchability. Earth and Environmental Science 492: 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/492/1/012034
Ramaphala NO, Mbajiorgu C. (2013). Effect of egg weight on hatchability and chick hatch-weight of Cobb 500 broiler chickens. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8: 885-892. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2013.885.892
Rashid A, Khan SH, Abbas G, Amer MY, Khan MJ, Iftikhar N. (2013). Effect of egg weight on hatchability and hatchling weight in Fayoumi, desi and crossbred (Rhodes Island Red X Fayoumi). Chickens. Veterinary World 6(9): 592-595. https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2013.592-595
Reijrink IAM, Meijerhof R, Kemp B, Graat EAM, van den Brand HD. (2009). Influence of Pre-storage Incubation on Embryonic Development, Hatchability and Chick Quality. Poultry Science 88(12): 2649–2660. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00523
Salah A, Khabishi MM, Esmailizadeh AK. (2012). Effect of pre incubation upside-down positioning of eggs from breeder flocks with different ages on hatchability and chick quality. Animal Production Science 52: 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN11127
Senbeta EK. (2017). Effect of egg size on hatchability and subsequent growth performance of Fayoumi chickens. Journal of Agricultural Science 9(7): 1916-9760. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n7p116
South African Poultry Association (SAPA). (2019). Industry Profile. https://www.sapoultry.co.za/pdf-docs/sapa-industry-profile.pdf
South African Poultry Association (SAPA). (2020). 2020 Industry Profile. https://www.sapoultry.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/SAPA-INDUSTRY-PROFILE-2020.pdf
South African Poultry Association (SAPA). (2023). State of the SA poultry industry. https://www.sapoultry.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/SAPA-INDUSTRY-PROFILE-2023.pdf
Souza Da Silva C, Molenaar R, Giersberg, MF, Rodenburg TB, Van Riel JW, De Baere K, Van Dosselaer I, Kemp B, Van Den Brand H, De Jong IC. (2021). Day-old chicken quality and performance of broiler chickens from 3 different hatching systems. Poultry Science 100(3): 100953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.050
Sudhir KJ, Meesam R, Leena D, Chaturvedani A. (2016). Effect of egg weight on pre-hatch performance in broiler chickens. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology 5(6): 4422-4426.
Sujata D, Rajarshi S, Subhransu P, Bikas D, Asish D. (2019). Factors associated with embryonic mortality of eggs of vanaraja breeder chicken reared on litter system. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science 8(4): 525-532. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.057
Tenza T, Mhlongo LC, Ncobela CN, Rani Z. (2024). Village Chickens for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 2 in Resource-Poor Communities: A Literature Review. Agriculture 14(8): 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081264
Ulmer-Franco AM, Fasenko GM, Christopher EE. (2010). Hatching egg characteristics chick quality and broiler performance at 2 breeder flock ages and from 3 egg weights. Poultry Science 89: 2735-2742. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00403
Van Der Wagt I, De Joung IC, Mitchell MA, Molenaar R, Van Den Brand H. (2020). A review on yolk sac utilization in poultry. Poultry Science 99(4): 2162-2175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.041
Wang H, Wang Y, Liu J, Hou Q, Ren Z, Liu Y, Yang X. (2025). Lioidomics reveals lipids changes in the hepatic during the late chick embryonic development. Poultry Science 104 (7): 105218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.105218
Yang J, Ding X, Bai S, Wang B, Zeng Q, Peng H, Su Z, Xuan Y, Fraley GS, Zhang K. (2020). Effect of maternal dietary vitamin E on the egg characteristics, hatchability and offspring quality of prolonged storage eggs of broiler breeder hens. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 104(5): 1384-1391. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13371
Yousaf A, Shahnawaz R, Khan S, Khan MR, Said A, Rahman M-U, Hassan J, Ishaq, Said MF, Subhani A. (2021). Comparative evaluation of single stage vs multistage incubations systems on the performance of hatching eggs from Ross-308 broiler breeders and post hatched performance. International Journal of Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7(9): 190-199.
Yousaf A, Yasoob TB, Anwar DM, Ahmad B, Tareen F, Nasrullah S. (2024). Effect of egg weight on water loss and chick yield of broiler breeders. Matthew Journal of Veterinary Science 8(2): 43. https://doi.org/10.30654/MJVS.10043
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Temosho R. Mabotha, Khathutshelo A. Nephawe , Takalani J. Mpofu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2025-11-27
Published 2025-12-03
